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Global Disinformation Policy Database

A cross-national record of how states govern information disorder.

Spanning 364 policies from 133 governments, 2000–2023 — coded across a 53-variable scheme.

364
Policies
133
Countries
2000–23
Coverage
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Three findings

When the wave broke, what the words mean, how governments act.

01 · Temporal evolution

The wave started in 2012 — not 2016.

201220002023

Annual adoption climbed from 5.2 policies/year before 2012 to 26.9 after — a five-fold jump that began four years before the post-2016 disinformation panic.

See the timeline

02 · Conceptualization

Most policies don’t define the term they invoke.

Disinformation pathways · n=197no intent identified: 39.6%to harm: 23.9%to deceive: 20.3%to mislead: 16.2%no intent identifiedto harmto deceiveto mislead

Roughly 92% of policies use a label like “disinformation,” “fake news,” or “propaganda” without an explicit definition. Even among the policies that engage the concept further, 39.6% impose no intent requirement.

See the labels vs. reality

03 · Governance shape

What governments do depends on where they are.

AfricaIncentive: 92.2%Authority: 7.8%EuropeIncentive: 39.5%Authority: 34.2%Capacity: 21.1%Learning: 2.6%Symbolic: 2.6%IncentiveAuthorityCapacityLearningSymbolic

Africa relies on penalties: 92% of its policies use incentive instruments (fines, criminal sanctions, sometimes payouts). In Europe, incentive leads at 39.5% — regulator agencies, media-literacy programs, and similar capacity-building.

See the governance map

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